Long-term follow-up of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, elevated thyroglobulin levels, and negative...

To describe a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma who had measurable thyroglobulin (Tg) levels for 20 years without clinical or imaging evidence of a malignant lesion.

We reviewed the clinical course, pathologic findings, Tg measurements, and results of various imaging studies in our patient and reviewed the literature regarding Tg-positive, diagnostic total-body radioiodine scan-negative patients with thyroid cancer.

Four months after a 3.5- by 3.5-cm follicular thyroid cancer was removed from the anterior neck area of a 5-year-old girl, a bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was performed. At age 12 years, she presented with a 2-cm mass on the right side of the neck. After a completion thyroidectomy, recurrent mixed papillary-follicular thyroid cancer was found scattered throughout the remaining thyroid parenchyma. Although a postoperative diagnostic total-body radioiodine scan did not reveal uptake of (131)I, the Tg level was 58 ng/mL. Despite Tg levels as high as 2,528 ng/mL, the patient had no clinical evidence of thyroid cancer during a 20-year period of follow-up. Moreover, numerous imaging studies, including total-body scanning after the administration of 150 mCi of (131)I and [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, were negative. Review of pathologic specimens from both operations with use of updated diagnostic criteria indicated that the tumor was a papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Our observations and the observations of other investigators indicate that some thyroid cancers produce Tg so efficiently that high levels of Tg may be associated with tumors that remain too small to be detected by imaging studies. The Tg levels may remain stable, decline, or even disappear over time without treatment.