In vivo robotic laparoscopy

Laparoscopy reduces patient trauma but limits the surgeon's ability to view or touch the surgical environment directly. The surgeon's ability to visualize and manipulate target organs can be improved using currently available external robotic systems. However, tool tip orientation and optimal camera placement remain limited because the robot instruments and cameras are still constrained by the entry incisions. Placing a robot completely within the abdominal cavity would provide an unconstrained platform that could provide an enhanced field of view from arbitrary angles and dexterous manipulators not constrained by the abdominal wall fulcrum effect. Several in vivo robots have been developed and successfully tested in a porcine model. These in vivo robots have been used to observe trocar and tool insertions and placement, and to provide additional camera angles that improved surgical visualization. Equipped with a grasper, such robots will provide task assistance. These in vivo robots will be much less expensive than the current generation of large external robotic surgical systems and will ultimately allow a surgeon to be a remote first responder irrespective of the location of the patient.