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Cardiovascular responses to apnea during dynamic exercise.

U Hoffmann1, M Smerecnik, D Leyk

  • 1Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Cologne, Germany. hoffmann@dshs-koeln.de

International Journal of Sports Medicine
|July 23, 2005
PubMed
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Breath holding during exercise significantly increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) by raising total peripheral resistance, independent of hypoxia. This impacts cardiovascular responses during physical activity.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Breath holding maneuvers cause hypoxia, hypercapnia, and cardiovascular changes like increased total peripheral resistance, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and decreased heart rate (HR).
  • These responses during dynamic exercise may negatively affect performance and are critical for individuals with cardiovascular risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cardiovascular effects of combining dynamic exercise with breath holding (apnea) compared to free breathing and rebreathing.

Main Methods:

  • 26 healthy sport students performed cycle ergometry at 30 W and 250 W.
  • Cardiovascular responses (HR, MAP) were measured during 20-second periods of respiratory arrest (apnea), free breathing, and rebreathing.

Related Experiment Videos

Main Results:

  • No significant differences were observed between rebreathing and free breathing conditions.
  • Apnea induced a marked increase in MAP and a depression in HR at both exercise intensities.
  • A delayed recovery of MAP was noted after the apnea stimulus.

Conclusions:

  • Breath holding during dynamic exercise significantly impacts MAP and HR.
  • These effects are primarily driven by increased total peripheral resistance, likely due to vasoconstriction in exercising muscles, rather than hypoxia or increased intrathoracic pressure.