Endoscopic forehead lifting

The aging process of the face is often most drastic in the upper third of the face, with the development of forehead rhytides and brow prolapse. Traditionally, an open approach to addressing aging of the forehead has been used. The introduction of endoscopic technology to surgical correction of forehead aging has resulted in comparable results without the significant disadvantages inherent in the open approach. The success of the endoscopic technique for forehead lifting has been reflected by its immense popularity and demand by the public. The aging process, relevant surgical anatomy, patient selection and planning, surgical technique, and current controversies in fixation are reviewed.