Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids

Acid Suppressive Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Antacids

In the complex environment of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion can lead to the formation or worsening of ulcers within the delicate mucosal layer. Antacids, such as sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate, provide relief by neutralizing this acid, transforming it into harmless salt and water. This neutralization process raises the gastric pH from a highly acidic level of 1 to a more basic 3-4, reducing the acidity within the stomach.
However, this neutralization reaction between...

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents

Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Sucralfate as Mucosal Protective Agents

In the intricate landscape of the gastric lumen, excessive acid secretion disrupts the natural defense mechanisms, weakening the mucus-bicarbonate barrier. This vulnerability allows pepsin to infiltrate epithelial cells, digesting mucosal proteins and triggering erosion, leading to ulcer formation.
In this scenario, mucosal protective agents like sucralfate play an essential role. Sucralfate, a complex of sulfated sucrose and aluminum hydroxide, demonstrates its usefulness in acidic conditions,...

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

S2k guideline occupational skin products: skin protection creams, skin cleansing and skin care products.

Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·2026

Same author

Association Between Contact Allergy to Epoxy Resin and Fragrance Mix I in the General Population: EDEN Fragrance Study Group.

Contact dermatitis·2026

Same author

Prevalence and clinico-morphological correlates of STK11 mutations in a large cohort of NSCLC lung adenocarcinomas.

Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology·2026

Same author

Are We Reading Patch Test Reactions in a Uniform Way? An International Contact Dermatitis Research Group Study.

Dermatitis : contact, atopic, occupational, drug·2025

Same author

Consensus on core domains for hand eczema trials: Signs, symptoms, control and quality of life.

Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV·2025

Same author

Treatment of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis - A systematic review.

Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal (RHE) Model

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal (RHE) Model

Published on: July 14, 2009

Fruit acids do not enhance sodium lauryl sulphate-induced cumulative irritant contact dermatitis in vivo.

Sibylle Schliemann-Willers¹, Silke Fuchs, Peter Kleesz

¹Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Strasse 35, DE-07740 Jena, Germany.

Acta Dermato-Venereologica

|July 26, 2005

Summary

Occupational dermatitis in bakers may stem from combined irritants. This study found that fruit acids with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) did not worsen skin irritation compared to SLS with water.

More Related Videos

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Published on: September 27, 2017

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal (RHE) Model

An In Vitro Skin Irritation Test (SIT) using the EpiDerm Reconstructed Human Epidermal (RHE) Model

Published on: July 14, 2009

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Effects of Exposure of Formaldehyde to a Rat Model of Atopic Dermatitis Induced by Neonatal Capsaicin Treatment

Published on: September 27, 2017

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Enhancement of Facial Rejuvenation Through a Combination of 1565 nm Non-Ablative Fractional Laser with 30% Supramolecular Salicylic Acid

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Occupational Health
Toxicology

Background:

Occupational contact dermatitis is common among bakers and confectioners.
Irritant contact dermatitis is the primary form, often caused by combined workplace irritants.
Previous research explored "tandem irritation" effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the cumulative irritant effects of organic fruit acids (citric, malic, lactic) alone and in combination with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS).
To assess the potential for enhanced skin irritation from combined exposures in a workplace context.

Main Methods:

A repetitive irritation test was conducted on healthy volunteers over 4 days.
Participants received twice-daily applications of fruit acids alone or with 0.5% SLS.
Skin reactions were evaluated using visual scoring and non-invasive measurements (transepidermal water loss, skin color reflectance).

Main Results:

Individual application of citric or malic acid did not cause significant skin irritation.
Combined exposure to fruit acids and SLS induced barrier disturbance.
The irritant effect of fruit acids plus SLS was less pronounced than that of SLS plus water.

Conclusions:

Combined exposure to citric, malic, or lactic acid with SLS did not enhance cumulative skin irritation.
The findings suggest that these specific fruit acids, when combined with SLS, do not pose a greater irritation risk than SLS alone with water.