Simulation analysis of conduction block in unmyelinated axons induced by high-frequency biphasic electrical currents

Nerve conduction block induced by high-frequency biphasic electrical currents is analyzed using a lumped circuit model of the unmyelinated axon based on Hodgkin-Huxley equations. Axons of different diameters (5-20 microm) can not be blocked completely when the stimulation frequency is between 2 kHz and 4 kHz. However, when the stimulation frequency is above 4 kHz, all axons can be blocked. At high-frequency a higher stimulation intensity is needed to block nerve conduction. The larger diameter axon has a lower threshold intensity for conduction block. The stimulation waveform in which the pulsewidth changes with frequency is more effective in blocking nerve conduction than the waveform in which the pulsewidth is fixed. The activation of potassium channels, rather than inactivation of sodium channels, is the possible mechanism underlying the nerve conduction block of the unmyelinated axon. This simulation study further increases our understanding of axonal conduction block induced by high-frequency biphasic currents, and can guide future animal experiments as well as optimize stimulation waveforms that might be used for electrical nerve block in clinical applications.