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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Motor and Hippocampal Dependent Spatial Learning and Reference Memory Assessment in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease with Stroke
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When is category specific in Alzheimer's disease?

Keith R Laws1, Tim M Gale, Verity C Leeson

  • 1Brain and Cognition Research Group, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK. keith.laws@ntu.ac.uk

Cortex; a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior
|July 27, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Category-specific disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inconsistent. Our study reveals that data artifacts, like ceiling effects, and specific statistical methods can create apparent category deficits, particularly for living items.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Cognitive Neurology

Background:

  • Category-specific disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have yielded inconsistent findings.
  • Potential contributing factors include control data ceiling effects, patient cognitive deficit severity, and analytical methods for single-case data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of experimental design and statistical analysis on detecting category-specific naming deficits in Alzheimer's disease patients.
  • To clarify whether observed category effects in AD are genuine or methodological artifacts.

Main Methods:

  • Examined picture naming in Alzheimer's disease patients and matched healthy elderly controls across three experiments.
  • Utilized stimuli with and without ceiling effects in controls.
  • Applied various single-case analysis techniques, including chi-squared and z-scores, and compared methods that treat control samples as populations versus those that do not.

Main Results:

  • Ceiling effects in control data can inflate the apparent impairment of living items and underestimate deficits in non-living items.
  • Analytical methods treating control samples as populations inflated the detection of dissociations.
  • Different single-case analysis techniques yielded divergent outcomes for category effects.

Conclusions:

  • Methodological factors, specifically ceiling effects and certain statistical approaches, significantly impact the reported incidence of category-specific deficits in Alzheimer's disease.
  • The preponderance of living versus non-living deficits in the literature may be an artifact of these methods.
  • Findings challenge the reliability of previously reported category effects in AD and other neurological conditions.