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Related Experiment Videos

Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy.

Marcello Lotti1, Angelo Moretto

  • 1Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, University of Padua, Padova, Italy. marcello.lotti@unipd.it

Toxicological Reviews
|July 27, 2005
PubMed
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Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a rare nerve condition caused by certain organophosphorus esters. It leads to progressive weakness and sensory loss weeks after exposure, with potential for long-term effects.

Area of Science:

  • Neurotoxicology
  • Environmental Health
  • Occupational Medicine

Background:

  • Organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP) is a distinct neurological disorder.
  • It results from exposure to specific organophosphorus (OP) esters, often encountered in pesticides and industrial chemicals.
  • OPIDP is characterized by axonal degeneration in the peripheral and central nervous systems, typically manifesting 1-4 weeks post-exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical manifestations, electrophysiological findings, and pathological characteristics of OPIDP.
  • To discuss the mechanism of OPIDP, focusing on the role of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) inhibition.
  • To differentiate OPIDP caused by OP pesticides from that caused by non-pesticidal OP compounds, such as triaryl phosphates.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Review of human and experimental data on OPIDP.
  • Analysis of clinical case reports and observational studies.
  • Discussion of toxicological principles, including the ratio of inhibitory powers for acetylcholinesterase and NTE.

Main Results:

  • OPIDP presents with distal sensory and motor disturbances, including pain, numbness, weakness, and gait abnormalities.
  • Electrophysiological studies show reduced nerve excitability and axonal degeneration, with nerve biopsies revealing secondary demyelination.
  • Non-pesticidal triaryl phosphates, like tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate, have caused more widespread OPIDP than OP insecticides.
  • Specific OP pesticides like chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos are discussed as potential causes.

Conclusions:

  • OPIDP is a serious neurological outcome of exposure to certain OP compounds, with varying etiological agents.
  • The ratio of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase versus NTE is critical for understanding OP-induced neuropathies.
  • While recovery is possible, severe cases can lead to permanent neurological deficits, particularly spastic ataxia.