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Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview01:10

Carbon-13 (¹³C) NMR: Overview

Carbon-13 is a naturally occurring NMR-active isotope of carbon with a low natural abundance of 1.1%. In contrast, carbon-12 is the most abundant isotope of carbon with zero nuclear spin. Therefore, it is NMR inactive. The gyromagnetic ratio of carbon-13 is smaller than that of protons. As a result, carbon-13 resonance is about 6000 times weaker than proton resonance. For a given magnetic field strength, the resonance frequency of carbon-13 is about one-fourth of the resonance frequency for...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...

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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)
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Characterization, Quantification and Compound-specific Isotopic Analysis of Pyrogenic Carbon Using Benzene Polycarboxylic Acids (BPCA)

Published on: May 16, 2016

Carbon compounds in Apollo 11 lunar samples.

B Nagy1, W M Scott, V Modzeleski

  • 1Department of Geochronology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.

Nature
|March 14, 1970
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates the origin of lunar volatiles. We analyze potential sources including solar wind, meteorites, comets, primordial atmosphere, and lunar outgassing to determine their contribution to the Moon's volatile inventory.

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In situ FTIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Investigation of Gas/Solid Interaction: Water-Enhanced CO2 Adsorption in UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework

Published on: February 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Lunar science
  • Planetary science
  • Astrogeology

Background:

  • The Moon's volatile composition is not fully understood.
  • Multiple hypotheses exist regarding the origin of lunar volatiles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the various proposed sources of lunar volatiles.
  • To differentiate between internal and external contributions to the Moon's volatile inventory.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on solar wind implantation.
  • Analysis of isotopic compositions of meteoritic and cometary materials.
  • Geochemical modeling of lunar outgassing processes.
  • Comparison of observed lunar volatile signatures with potential source reservoirs.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests a mixed origin for lunar volatiles.
  • Solar wind implantation is a significant source for certain volatile elements.
  • Meteoritic and cometary impacts likely delivered other volatile species.
  • Primordial atmosphere remnants and outgassing may also play a role.

Conclusions:

  • The Moon's volatile inventory is a complex product of multiple delivery and formation processes.
  • Further in-situ measurements and sample analyses are needed for definitive source attribution.