Conventional microsurgical endarterectomy

In the 1990's, carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has matured to a widely performed, standard intervention with well defined successive steps. The key feature of microsurgical CEA is the use of the operating microscope for magnification of the surgical field and microsuture of the arteriotomy. Further measures contributing to the success of microsurgical CEA include intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow, selective shunt placement and neuroprotection during arterial cross-clamping. In experienced hands, the operation is not difficult and goes without complication in the great majority of patients. An overall complication rate of 6-8% combining mortality, major morbidity and minor morbidity is acceptable in view of the often multimorbid patients undergoing the operation. However, a rate of major morbidity/mortality not exceeding 1-2% is a realistic goal for microsurgical CEA. On the long-term, the rate of restenosis needing treatment should not exceed 1-2%. To preserve objectivity and quality control of CEA, the clinical results should be assessed independently of the surgeon by a neutral observer, ideally a neurologist.