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Related Concept Videos

Damped Oscillations01:07

Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Shallow Water (Paddling) Variants of Water Maze Tests in Mice
07:47

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Published on: June 3, 2013

Bubbles in a freshwater lake.

S A Thorpe, A R Stubbs

    Nature
    |May 31, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Strong winds on Loch Ness create underwater bubble clouds, not biological activity. These acoustic reflectors, detected below the surface, increase in depth with higher wind speeds, suggesting a physical origin.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustic oceanography
    • Fluid dynamics
    • Limnology

    Background:

    • Underwater acoustic reflectors have been observed in Loch Ness.
    • Previous explanations for these reflectors have not been conclusive.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the origin of acoustic reflectors detected in Loch Ness.
    • To determine the relationship between wind speed and the depth of these reflectors.

    Main Methods:

    • Acoustic detection of underwater reflectors.
    • Correlation analysis of reflector depth with wind speed.
    • Observation of reflector patterns under varying wind conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Patchy 'clouds' of acoustic reflectors appear below the surface when wind speeds are high enough to cause whitecaps.
    • The depth of these reflectors increases proportionally with wind speed.
    • No seasonal variation in reflector occurrence was detected, ruling out biological explanations.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed acoustic reflectors are likely caused by air bubbles generated from breaking waves (whitecaps) in deep water.
    • Similar bubble cloud phenomena may occur in other large bodies of water, including the sea.