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An evolutionarily stable strategy approach to indiscriminate spite.

N Knowlton, G A Parker

    Nature
    |May 31, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Spiteful behavior, where an individual harms itself to harm another more, can evolve. However, this evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) results in only minor spite in large populations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary biology
    • Behavioral ecology
    • Game theory

    Background:

    • Spiteful behavior, defined as self-harm to inflict greater harm on others, has been theorized to evolve under specific conditions.
    • Previous models by Hamilton and Verner proposed different frameworks for the evolution of spite, focusing on relatedness and resource competition.
    • Analytical studies suggested that spiteful traits spread slowly and may not be evolutionarily stable, necessitating further investigation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analytically determine the conditions under which spite can be an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).
    • To investigate the relationship between population size and the magnitude of spite.
    • To resolve the debate on the evolutionary stability of indiscriminate spite.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized Maynard Smith's concept of the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for analytical modeling.
    • Applied game theory principles to model interactions involving spiteful behavior.
    • Analyzed the conditions for the spread and stability of spiteful traits in populations.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that spite can indeed be an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).
    • Showed that the magnitude of spite is inversely related to population size.
    • Concluded that in large populations, the extent of spite is minimal.

    Conclusions:

    • Spite can be evolutionarily stable, challenging previous assumptions about its limited evolutionary potential.
    • Population size significantly influences the expression of spite, with larger populations exhibiting less spite.
    • The study provides a robust analytical framework for understanding the evolution of spite in biological systems.

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