The periodontal differentiation in the phylogeny of teeth--an overview

During the evolution of teeth, different types of periodontal attachment have been developed. On the basis of the comparative histology of periodontal tissues, protoacrodontal, acrodontal, acro-protothecodontal, pleurodontal and thecodontal structures can be distinguished that depend upon the area of attachment (crestal, marginal or socketed type) and the mode of attachment (ankylosis, fibrous or combined type). Due to "phylogenetic memory", changes of the periodontium in health and disease could be interpreted as copies of phylogenetically older patterns. The greatest variations in tooth attachment have originated in acrodont bony fishes and in pleurodont reptiles, whereas the selection for a single thecodont or socketed type was an important event in the evolution of mammals. The detailed structures of cementum, of the fiber apparatus and of the junctional epithelium vary from type to type and within one type. These principal structures are decisive for reaction patterns of degeneration and regeneration. Therefore, comparative periodontology could be an important adjunct to help interpret the natural history of periodontal diseases, to help in the selection of experimental animals and to help provide treatment strategies in both human and veterinary situations.