The evolution and early experience with robot-assisted mitral valve surgery

Cardiac surgeons, with a warranted enthusiasm, have embraced minimally invasive surgery. The acceleration of technological advances in optics, instrumentation, and cardiopulmonary bypass has allowed safe, effective, and efficient minimally invasive cardiac procedures. In this Technology Focus section, we review the evolution and early experience with robot-assisted mitral valve surgery. The articles of leading minimally invasive cardiac surgeons, both American and European, are reviewed to define the development toward cardiac robotic surgery. The current state of robotic mitral surgery is described.