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Updated: Aug 16, 2026
Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
Published on: November 28, 2018
Effective systolic orifice area of the aortic valve: implications for Doppler echocardiographic cardiac output
C Schmidt1, G Theilmeier, H Van Aken
1Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive-Care Medicine, University of Münster Hospital, Münster, Germany. schmch@uni-muenster.de
Background:
Substantial research using echocardiography has established that stroke volume (SV) or cardiac output (CO) can be measured non-invasively at the level of the aortic valve (AV) with high accuracy. Stroke volume is the product of the velocity time integral occurring at the sampling site and the effective systolic AV orifice area (AVOAeff). Nevertheless, a generally accepted method for the determination of AVOAeff is still lacking.
Methods:
Aortic valve OAeff was measured in 228 consecutive patients scheduled for coronary artery surgery. Two widely adopted methods were applied to approximate the constantly changing orifice area of the AV: (1) the circular orifice model (AVOA-CM), and (2) the triangular orifice model (AVOA-TM). Aortic valve OA-CM assumes the shape of a circle as an appropriately time averaged geometrical model, and AVOA-TM takes the shape of an equilateral triangle for granted.
Results:
The AV was easily imaged by echocardiography in both short- and long-axis views in all patients. Relying on AVOA-CM, AVOAeff was 3.49+/-0.77 cm2. AVOA-TM estimates were 2.80+/-0.55 cm2 (mean+/-SD). The results did not agree (bias analysis).
Conclusions:
The echocardiographic measurement of SV or CO at the level of the AV has to be reconsidered.
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