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Genomic insights into mediator lipidomics.

Timothy Hla1

  • 1Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. hla@nso2.uchc.edu

Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators
|August 16, 2005
PubMed
Summary

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate diverse signaling. Lipid signaling via GPCRs emerged with chordate evolution, coinciding with complex systems like immune and nervous systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial for signal transduction, binding diverse ligands like peptides, odorants, and lipids.
  • GPCRs evolved early, with unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes utilizing them for various responses, including mating and phototransduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary origins of bioactive lipid signaling through GPCRs.
  • To explore the hypothesis that lipid signaling via GPCRs co-evolved with complex physiological systems in chordates.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics across different organisms to identify orthologues of lipid-binding GPCRs.
  • Analysis of the distribution of specific GPCR subfamilies (e.g., prostanoid, lysophospholipid) in various taxa.
  • Review of existing literature on the roles of lipid mediators in physiological systems.

Main Results:

  • GPCRs for bioactive lipids are present in vertebrates and chordates but absent in invertebrates like worms and flies.
  • GPCRs for biogenic amines and growth factors are conserved across invertebrates and vertebrates.
  • Distinct subfamilies of bioactive lipid GPCRs, including those for prostanoids and lysophospholipids, are found in mammalian genomes.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of chordates marked a significant expansion of lipid signaling roles mediated by GPCRs.
  • Lipid metabolite signaling via GPCRs likely co-evolved with the development of sophisticated vascular, immune, and nervous systems.
  • This suggests lipids acquired novel cell-cell communication functions with the emergence of complex chordate physiology.

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