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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.
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Analysis of Combinatorial miRNA Treatments to Regulate Cell Cycle and Angiogenesis
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How microRNAs control cell division, differentiation and death.

Eric A Miska1

  • 1Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK. e.miska@gurdon.cam.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
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MicroRNAs are short regulatory RNAs with crucial roles in development and disease. Research is actively uncovering their functions in animals, impacting areas like morphogenesis, organogenesis, and potentially cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding regulatory RNAs discovered in 1993.
  • Approximately 2% of human genes encode miRNAs, highlighting their biological significance.
  • Assigning specific functions to miRNAs in animals has been challenging but is a key research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the emerging roles and functions of microRNAs in various biological processes.
  • To investigate the involvement of microRNAs in animal development and disease.
  • To consolidate current understanding of microRNA functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent functional studies on microRNAs in different animal models.
  • Analysis of genetic data linking microRNA genes to biological functions.
  • Comparative studies across species to identify conserved miRNA roles.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs regulate critical processes in invertebrates, including developmental timing, neuronal differentiation, tissue growth, and apoptosis.
  • Studies in zebrafish and mice demonstrate significant roles for miRNAs in morphogenesis and organogenesis.
  • Emerging evidence suggests microRNAs are implicated in viral infections and human cancers.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs play fundamental roles in animal development and physiological processes.
  • Further research into microRNA function is crucial for understanding their involvement in health and disease.
  • MicroRNAs represent a promising area for therapeutic interventions in cancer and infectious diseases.