Sustained hypothermia accelerates microvascular thrombus formation in mice

Cold is supposed to be associated with alterations in blood coagulation and a pronounced risk for thrombosis. We studied the effect of clinically encountered systemic hypothermia on microvascular thrombosis in vivo and in vitro. Ferric chloride-induced microvascular thrombus formation was analyzed in cremaster muscle preparations from hypothermic mice. Additionally, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on platelet activation. To test whether preceding hypothermia predisposes for enhanced thrombosis, experiments were repeated after hypothermia and rewarming to 37 degrees C. Control animals revealed complete occlusion of arterioles and venules after 742 +/- 150 and 824 +/- 172 s, respectively. Systemic hypothermia of 34 degrees C accelerated thrombus formation in arterioles and venules (279 +/- 120 and 376 +/- 121 s; P < 0.05 vs. 37 degrees C). This was further pronounced after cooling to 31 degrees C (163 +/- 57 and 281 +/- 71 s; P < 0.05 vs. 37 degrees C). Magnitude of thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet activation increased with decreasing temperatures, as shown by 1.8- and 3.0-fold increases in mean fluorescence after PAC-1 binding to glycoprotein (GP)IIb-IIIa and 1.6- and 2.9-fold increases of fibrinogen binding on incubation at 34 degrees C and 31 degrees C. Additionally, tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation in platelets was increased at hypothermic temperatures. In rewarmed animals, kinetics of thrombus formation were comparable to those in normothermic controls. Concomitantly, spontaneous and TRAP-enhanced GPIIb-IIIa activation did not differ between rewarmed platelets and those maintained continuously at 37 degrees C. Moderate systemic hypothermia accelerates microvascular thrombosis, which might be mediated by increased GPIIb-IIIa activation on platelets but does not cause predisposition with increased risk for microvascular thrombus formation after rewarming.