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Small scale sanitation technologies.

W Green1, G Ho

  • 1Murdoch University, West Australia, Environmental Technology Centre, Australia. wendy.green@westnet.com.au

Water Science and Technology : a Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
|August 18, 2005
PubMed
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Small-scale sanitation systems enhance sustainability by closing water and nutrient loops, offering decentralized solutions. This review compiles 70 global technologies for onsite wastewater and toilet systems, aiding informed selection for improved health and reduced environmental impact.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Sustainable Sanitation
  • Water Resource Management

Background:

  • Decentralized, small-scale sanitation systems offer improved sustainability by enabling water and nutrient loop closure.
  • These systems provide viable alternatives to large-scale, centralized infrastructures.
  • Effective sanitation provision yields health benefits, valuable reuse products, and reduced ecological impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and classify a comprehensive range of available onsite sanitation technologies globally.
  • To address the gap in literature regarding a wide-ranging compilation of blackwater, greywater, and dry/urine-separating toilet systems.
  • To provide a resource for users and suppliers to select appropriate and sustainable sanitation solutions.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Identification and classification of seventy distinct onsite sanitation technologies.
  • Categorization based on waste source streams (blackwater, greywater, dry/urine-separating toilets).
  • Sub-classification according to major treatment methods: aerobic digestion, composting/vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, filtration, and constructed wetlands.

Main Results:

  • Seventy diverse onsite sanitation technologies were identified and systematically classified.
  • Technologies were grouped by waste stream and treatment principles, including biological, physical, and ecological methods.
  • The study provides a broad overview of available options for decentralized sanitation.

Conclusions:

  • A wide array of onsite sanitation technologies exists globally, catering to various needs and conditions.
  • Selection of sanitation systems must consider local social, economic, and environmental factors for optimal sustainability.
  • This compilation serves as a valuable tool for informed decision-making in sustainable sanitation provision.