Characterization of CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS polymorphisms in three Brazilian ethnic groups

Costimulatory molecules CD28, CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4), and ICOS (inducible costimulator) genes lie within the 300-kb chromosome region 2q33. CD28, CTLA-4, and ICOS have been described to be important regulators of T-cell activation. With the objective to study ethnic variations in allelic frequencies and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns, we genotyped CD28 intron 3 (+17 T>C), CTLA4 promoter (-319 C>T), CTLA4 exon 1 (+49 A>G), and ICOS 3' UTR (1564 T>C) polymorphisms in white (n = 103), mulatto (n = 97), and black (n = 79) Brazilian healthy individuals. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in any of the population samples. A higher frequency of CD28 +17 C allele was detected in white (27%) in comparison with mulatto (15%) and black (13%) (p = 0.005) populations. LD between CD28 +17 C and CTLA4 -319 T alleles was observed in whites (p < 0.0001), mulattos (p = 0.0001), and blacks (p = 0.0002).