Human gender differences in fibrinolytic responses to exercise training and their determinants

Endurance exercise training improves fibrinolysis, but this training-induced adaptation may differ somewhat between men and women. We sought to determine whether the potential gender differences in training-induced changes in selected fibrinolysis measures were related to changes in adiposity and/or plasma lipoprotein lipid levels. Seventeen men and 28 women, 50-75 years old, who were generally overweight to obese, were assessed for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity, t-PA antigen and plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels, and body composition before and after 6 months of endurance exercise training while on a low-fat diet. At baseline, there were no differences in fibrinolytic measures between the men and women. Baseline levels of these fibrinolytic markers in both men and women were primarily related to other fibrinolytic measures and body composition, with a smaller contribution from plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Exercise training reduced t-PA antigen levels in both men and women, but the reduction was significantly greater in men (-1.6 +/- 0.3 versus -0.5 +/- 0.2 ng ml(-1), P = 0.007). Exercise training decreased PAI-1 activity more in men than in women (-2.6 +/- 1.4 versus +0.9 +/- 0.9 IU ml(-1), P = 0.03). Men and women both showed increased t-PA activity with exercise training to the same extent (+0.38 +/- 0.12 versus +0.36 +/- 0.24 U ml(-1)). The changes in fibrinolytic measures with exercise training in men and women were correlated with changes in other fibrinolytic measures, although in men abdominal fat changes were a strong predictor of fibrinolytic changes with training. These findings suggest that training-induced improvements in endogenous fibrinolysis markers are somewhat greater in men compared to women and may be more strongly associated with abdominal obesity in men.