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Leptospirosis--an overview.

T K Dutta1, M Christopher

  • 1Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry.

The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
|August 27, 2005
PubMed
Summary
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Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease, is a significant cause of acute febrile illness in India. Early diagnosis and treatment, especially for the anicteric form, improve prognosis, while oral doxycycline offers prophylaxis.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonotic disease in India, presenting as a significant cause of acute febrile illness.
  • It is often mistaken for other febrile illnesses like malaria, typhoid, and dengue.
  • The icteric form (Weil's disease) has a high mortality rate (up to 40%), particularly with multi-organ failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of leptospirosis as a cause of acute febrile illness in India.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and their limitations.
  • To emphasize the significance of early treatment and prophylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of diagnostic methods for leptospirosis.
  • Discussion of newer screening methods like IgM ELISA, Dot-ELISA, dip-stick, and slide agglutination test (SAT).

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  • Mention of gold standard methods for serovar identification: Micro-agglutination test (MAT) and culture.

    • Main Results:

    • Genus-specific screening tests are available, but serovar identification requires advanced methods.
    • Anicteric leptospirosis is treatable with penicillin, leading to a good prognosis.
    • Oral doxycycline is effective for prophylaxis.

    Conclusions:

    • Leptospirosis requires increased clinical suspicion and improved diagnostic facilities in India.
    • Prompt treatment of anicteric leptospirosis is crucial for favorable outcomes.
    • Prophylaxis with oral doxycycline can mitigate risk during exposure periods.