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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Perinatology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Global twin birth rates have risen significantly since the 1970s.
  • Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly dual embryo transfer (DET), are a primary driver of this increase.
  • ART-associated twin pregnancies present increased risks for maternal and infant health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the short- and long-term outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) twin pregnancies resulting from DET.
  • To investigate the phenomenon of vanishing twins in ART and its impact on surviving co-twins and singleton outcomes.
  • To analyze the effectiveness of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) in reducing twin birth rates and improving overall ART success.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on IVF/ICSI twin pregnancies.
  • Analysis of data on maternal complications, obstetric outcomes, and long-term infant morbidity.
  • Comparative analysis of trials evaluating eSET versus DET.

Main Results:

  • IVF/ICSI twins experience a higher incidence of adverse outcomes, including pregnancy complications and long-term morbidity.
  • Vanishing twins are a recognized consequence of DET, potentially contributing to adverse outcomes in singleton births.
  • Studies indicate that eSET can effectively reduce twin birth rates without compromising the likelihood of achieving a healthy infant.

Conclusions:

  • The high twin birth rate in ART remains a significant obstacle to successful fertility treatment.
  • DET poses risks through twin pregnancies and the vanishing twin phenomenon.
  • Implementing eSET is crucial for mitigating twin-related risks and optimizing ART outcomes, ensuring the birth of healthy infants.