Counting primates for conservation: primate surveys in Uganda.

Area of Science:

• Ecology
• Conservation Biology
• Wildlife Management

Background:

• Primate census techniques have evolved over 35-40 years, but significant variations persist, complicating inter-site comparisons.
• Current inconsistencies in primate survey methodologies lead to data discrepancies and hinder effective conservation planning.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss variations in current primate census techniques.
• To present findings from a primate census conducted in the forests of western Uganda.
• To establish a reliable method for estimating chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations.

Main Methods:

• A comparative discussion of existing primate census techniques.
• Field census of primates in western Ugandan forests.
• Correlation analysis between chimpanzee nest encounter rates and population density.

Main Results:

• Primate density and biomass varied significantly across and within forests, likely due to food availability.
• Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) density showed a strong correlation with nest encounter rates from reconnaissance walks.
• An estimated 4,980 chimpanzees inhabit Uganda, a higher figure than previously thought, yet concerning for long-term viability.

Conclusions:

• Nest encounter rates can reliably estimate chimpanzee density, particularly in challenging survey environments.
• The current distribution of chimpanzees in Uganda, with only four forests exceeding 500 individuals, raises concerns for population viability.
• Standardizing primate census techniques is crucial for accurate population assessment and effective conservation strategies.