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Related Experiment Videos

Developmental changes in memorial comparisons: the effects of stimulus presentation mode.

K P Wright1, D B Berch

  • 1University of Cincinnati, OH 45221.

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
|June 1, 1992
PubMed
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Children and college students judged object sizes from pictures or words, showing faster picture-based judgments. This study reveals a developmental decline in magnitude comparison slopes, contrary to prior assumptions about pictorial superiority.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Human Perception

Background:

  • The symbolic distance effect describes how judgments of difference are faster when the difference is larger.
  • Previous research suggested a developmental decline in the "pictorial superiority effect," where pictures are processed more efficiently than words.
  • This effect's developmental trajectory may be influenced by memory demands, not solely stimulus modality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in comparative size judgments using both pictorial and word stimuli.
  • To examine the "symbolic distance effect" across different age groups (first graders, fifth graders, college students).
  • To clarify the role of stimulus modality and memory demands in the "pictorial superiority effect" during development.

Main Methods:

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  • Participants (first graders, fifth graders, college students) performed comparative size judgments on common objects presented as either line drawings or spoken names.
  • Stimulus presentation and response time intervals were carefully controlled to equate picture and word conditions.
  • The symbolic distance effect was measured by analyzing response times as a function of the difference in object size.

Main Results:

  • All age groups demonstrated the symbolic distance effect.
  • Object size judgments were consistently faster with pictures than with words, irrespective of age.
  • A significant age-related decline in the slopes of the symbolic distance functions was observed from first to fifth grade.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first evidence of an age-related decline in slopes for magnitude comparisons of concrete objects.
  • The "pictorial superiority effect" may not decline with age as previously thought, potentially due to confounding memory factors in earlier studies.
  • Developmental changes in cognitive processing influence how children and adults make magnitude judgments based on symbolic representations.