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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Absence of Macrolide-Resistant Mutations in <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in Antananarivo (Madagascar) and Cambodia During the Last Pertussis Cycle Before the COVID-19 Pandemic.

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[Pertussis].

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[Prevention and monitoring of pertussis].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 2, 2026

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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[Why still whooping cough?].

Nicole Guiso1

  • 1Unité Prévention et Thérapie Moléculaires des Maladies Humaines, Centre National de Reference de la Coqueluche et Autres Bordetelloses, FRE-CNRS 2849, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris. nguiso@pasteur.fr

La Revue Du Praticien
|September 6, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Whooping cough (pertussis) vaccination in children reduced deaths, but waning immunity now causes outbreaks in adolescents and adults. Boosters are now recommended for these age groups to protect newborns.

Area of Science:

  • Bacteriology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Context:

  • Whooping cough (pertussis) is a significant respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis and parapertussis.
  • Childhood vaccination dramatically reduced pertussis mortality and morbidity.
  • Waning vaccine immunity and lack of boosters have altered disease transmission patterns.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the epidemiological shift in whooping cough (pertussis) transmission.
  • To understand the impact of vaccination strategies on disease dynamics.
  • To justify the implementation of booster vaccinations in adolescents and young adults.

Summary:

  • Intensive childhood vaccination initially controlled whooping cough (pertussis).
  • Short-lived immunity and insufficient boosters lead to resurgence in adolescents and adults.

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  • These groups now transmit the bacteria to unvaccinated newborns.

    • Impact:

    • Highlights the need for updated vaccination schedules to maintain herd immunity.
    • Informs public health policy regarding booster vaccine recommendations.
    • Aims to prevent severe pertussis cases and mortality in vulnerable populations, especially neonates.