Immunity to schistosomiasis in animals: an update

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Immunology
• Parasitology
• Animal Health

Background:

• Schistosomiasis is a significant veterinary concern in cattle and pigs, particularly infections by Schistosoma mattheei, S. bovis, and S. japonicum.
• Acquired resistance plays a key role in controlling Schistosoma infection intensity in livestock, yet the involved antigens and immune mechanisms remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the literature on immunity development against animal Schistosoma infections.
• To highlight recent findings on maternal-fetal transfer of immunological substances and their impact on newborn immunity.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on animal schistosomiasis, focusing on cattle and pigs.
• Analysis of research concerning maternal-fetal transfer of antibodies and antigens.
• Examination of the effects of these transfers on the immune response of newborns.

Main Results:

• Maternal-to-fetal transfer of immunological substances (antibodies, antigens) occurs via placental lesions and colostrum in cattle and pigs.
• These transfers modify the immune response of newborns to Schistosoma infections.
• Schistosoma egg-induced placental lesions may facilitate the transmission of other pathogens.

Conclusions:

• Understanding maternal-fetal immunological transfer is crucial for developing effective strategies against animal schistosomiasis.
• Further research is needed to elucidate the specific antigens and immune mechanisms involved in acquired resistance.
• Congenital Schistosoma infections are rare, with transplacental/postnatal transfer of immunity being the primary route of early exposure.