Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 16, 2026

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
Published on: September 16, 2019
Breathing at depth: physiologic and clinical aspects of diving while breathing compressed gas
1Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Kay.Tetzlaff@bc.boehringer-ingelheim.com
Abstract:
When diving, human beings are exposed to hazards that are unique to the hyperbaric underwater environment and the physical behavior of gases at higher ambient pressure. Hypercapnia, hyperoxia, carbon monoxide intoxication, inert gas (predominantly nitrogen) narcosis, and decompression illness all may lead to impaired consciousness, with a high risk of drowning in this non-respirable environment. Proper physiologic function and adaptation of the respiratory system are of the utmost importance to minimize the risks associated with compressed gas diving. This article provides an introduction to the diving techniques, the physics, and the pertinent human physiology and pathophysiology associated with this extreme environment. The causes of the major medical problems encountered in diving are described, with an emphasis on the underlying respiratory physiology.
Related Concept Videos
Alterations in Respiration II
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...
Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm
Respiratory depth measures the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a breath. It can vary from shallow to deep and typically remains consistent when a person is at rest or asleep. Occasionally, individuals will automatically inhale deeply, known as sighing, which inflates the lungs with more air than normal breathing.
To assess respiratory depth, observe the degree of chest excursion or movement:
Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange
Gas Laws Governing Respiration
The behavior of gases is guided by Dalton's Law of partial pressures and Henry's Law.
Dalton's Law asserts that the total pressure exerted by...
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation
Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers
However, the ability to hold one's breath voluntarily is not limitless. When the CO2 concentration in the blood reaches a critical level,...
Physiological Control of Respiration
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...
