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The quantum electrical triangle.

John Gallop1

  • 1Quantum Detection Group, National Physical Laboratory, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, UK. john.gallop@npl.co.uk

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 9, 2005
PubMed
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Quantum electrical standards based on fundamental constants e and h have advanced significantly. Recent developments suggest a third quantum current standard may soon be realized, completing the quantum electrical triangle.

Area of Science:

  • Quantum electrical metrology
  • Fundamental physical constants

Background:

  • The Josephson effect established a quantum voltage standard using fundamental constant e.
  • The quantized Hall effect established a quantum resistance standard using the von Klitzing constant.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and current status of three quantum electrical standards.
  • To discuss the implications of these standards for future electrical metrology.
  • To highlight the realization of a quantum current standard.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the physics underlying the Josephson effect, quantized Hall effect, and quantum current standards.
  • Analysis of recent developments in quantum current standard realization.
  • Discussion of future trends in quantum electrical standards.

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Main Results:

  • The Josephson effect and quantized Hall effect are established quantum standards for voltage and resistance.
  • A quantum current standard is a potential third standard, with recent developments indicating feasible realizations.
  • The three standards form a 'quantum electrical triangle' for realizing units based on fundamental constants e and h.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum electrical standards based on fundamental constants e and h are well-established.
  • A quantum current standard is nearing practical realization, completing a set of three.
  • Future advancements may involve ultra-low temperature, nanoscale, and fully quantum mechanical standards.