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Related Experiment Videos

Relations among positive parenting, children's effortful control, and externalizing problems: a three-wave

Nancy Eisenberg1, Qing Zhou, Tracy L Spinrad

  • 1Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA. nancy.eisenberg@asu.edu

Child Development
|September 10, 2005
PubMed
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Parental warmth positively influences children's emotion regulation, specifically effortful control (EC). This enhanced EC then predicts fewer externalizing problems in adolescents over time.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychology
  • Adolescent Development

Background:

  • Parenting styles significantly impact child development.
  • Effortful control (EC) is crucial for emotion regulation and behavioral outcomes.
  • Longitudinal studies are vital for understanding developmental trajectories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the longitudinal predictive relationship between parental warmth and children's effortful control (EC).
  • To investigate if children's EC mediates the link between positive parenting and reduced externalizing problems.
  • To explore the reciprocal influence of children's EC on parenting over time.

Main Methods:

  • A 3-wave longitudinal study with 186 early adolescents (ages ~9.3 to 13.4).
  • Parent-child interaction observations, parent/teacher reports of EC and externalizing problems, and behavioral persistence assessments.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Mediation analysis to test the proposed developmental pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Parental warmth/positive expressivity predicted children's effortful control (EC) two years later.
    • Children's EC significantly mediated the association between positive parenting and lower levels of externalizing problems.
    • No evidence was found for children's EC predicting parenting over time.

    Conclusions:

    • Positive parenting fosters effortful control, which in turn mitigates externalizing behaviors in adolescents.
    • The findings support a unidirectional pathway from parenting to child outcomes via effortful control.
    • Early intervention focusing on positive parenting may promote adaptive emotional regulation and behavior in children.