Assessment of lead availability in contaminated soil using isotope dilution techniques

Isotope dilution methods using a stable isotope tracer ((207)Pb) were developed for the determination of Pb availability in contaminated soils. The methods included determination of E values (isotopically exchangeable pool), L values (plant labile pool) and isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK). Isotopically exchangeable Pb was monitored at different exchange times based on measurement of the (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratio in soil solution following addition of the tracer. The rate of decrease in the (207)Pb/(208)Pb ratio in solution could be described by using the same IEK equation as used previously with radioisotope tracers. The amounts of isotopically exchangeable Pb in Pb-contaminated soils estimated from long-term IEK parameters were in good agreement with directly determined E values up to 15 days. However, values of some of the fitted IEK parameters cast doubts on the validity of using the IEK approach with (207)Pb, most probably as a result of irreversible fixation of some of the spike by reactive surfaces in the soils. Estimation of isotopically exchangeable Pb using short-term kinetics data was unsuccessful, substantially underestimating E values. Results for the control (uncontaminated) soil were highly variable, most probably as a result of fixation of tracer by the soil and poor analytical precision due to low solution Pb concentrations. A compartmental analysis of the variation in E values with time indicates a good potential for estimating bioavailable Pb in contaminated soils. The amounts of available Pb obtained from summation of the E(1)(min) and E(1 min-24 h) pools (E((available))), accounting for an average of 57.62% of total soil Pb, were significantly correlated with both the L values and with Pb extracted from soil with EDTA.