Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Alirocumab Plus Cemiplimab in Immunorefractory NSCLC: A Single Arm Phase 2 Study.

Research square·2026
Same author

Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analyses define conserved host signatures during innate immune perturbations in DF-1 chicken fibroblasts.

Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology·2026
Same author

Atezolizumab in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and interval cytoreductive surgery for patients with newly diagnosed advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer: the AdORN study.

Gynecologic oncology·2026
Same author

Spatial proteomics of breast ductal carcinoma in situ reveal distinct regional differences.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

A rhesus macaque model of congenital cytomegalovirus infection reveals a spectrum of vertical transmission outcomes.

Communications biology·2025
Same author

Correction: Analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ by self-reported race reveals molecular differences related to outcome.

Breast cancer research : BCR·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Prophylactic thyroidectomy in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A.

Michael A Skinner1, Jeffrey A Moley, William G Dilley

  • 1Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.

The New England Journal of Medicine
|September 16, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Total thyroidectomy in young patients with MEN-2A RET mutations prevented medullary thyroid carcinoma in most cases. Early surgery, before age eight, showed the best outcomes, suggesting a cure is possible.

More Related Videos

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
05:12

Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy

Published on: May 12, 2023

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a leading cause of mortality in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B, and familial MTC.
  • Early detection and intervention are crucial for managing MTC in at-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of total thyroidectomy in preventing or curing medullary thyroid carcinoma in asymptomatic young carriers of the RET proto-oncogene mutation associated with MEN-2A.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty patients aged 19 or younger with a confirmed RET mutation for MEN-2A underwent total thyroidectomy.
  • Post-operative evaluation included physical exams and stimulated plasma calcitonin level measurements 5-10 years after surgery.

Main Results:

  • 88% of patients had undetectable calcitonin levels post-surgery.
  • Two patients showed elevated calcitonin levels, and four had levels within the normal range but increased.
  • Lower recurrence rates were observed in children operated on before age eight and those without lymph node metastases.

Conclusions:

  • Total thyroidectomy in young, asymptomatic RET mutation carriers for MEN-2A appears to prevent persistent or recurrent medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Long-term follow-up is required to definitively confirm a cure in these patients.