The many faces of Pan: psychological and physiological differences among three types of panic attacks

The thesis of this paper is that failure to recognize the psychological and physiological differences among panic attacks within DSM-IIIR precludes meaningful comparisons and evaluations of research findings, confounds theoretical issues, and impairs the development of more specific, and thereby more effective, programs of treatment. To remedy this, a recommendation is made to define panic attacks on the basis of psychological and physiological distinctions that fit three categories of severity: Type I (classic panic attack), Type II (anticipatory panic attack), and Type III (cognitive panic attack). The logical-empirical rationale for the categories recommended is presented in the context of relevant research findings. Implications for theory, experimental design, and treatment are discussed.