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Updated: Aug 15, 2026

Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in Enhancing the Immunogenicity of Autoantigens During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: May 12, 2023
Evidence for adjuvanticity of anthrax edema toxin
Anne Quesnel-Hellmann1, Aurélie Cleret, Dominique R Vidal
1Unité d'Immunobiologie, Département de biologie des agents transmissibles, Centre de Recherches du service de Santé des Armées (CRSSA), BP87, F-38702 La Tronche cedex; France.
Abstract:
Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) is an adenylate cyclase that increases intracellular cAMP concentrations. Since EF is present as a contaminant in the licensed protective antigen(PA)-based vaccines, we investigated its effect on anti-PA humoral immune response in BALB/c mice. We observed a significant increase of anti-PA IgG response in mice immunised with PA in association with EF as compared to PA alone. These results clearly show an adjuvant effect of EF, which is consistent with the data concerning the cellular effects of EF on antigen-presenting cells.
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