Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 15, 2026
A Standardized Protocol for Functional Motor Mapping Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Published on: February 27, 2026
Minimally invasive neurosurgery within a 0.5 tesla intraoperative magnetic resonance scanner using an off-line
K Mursch1, T Gotthardt, R Kröger
1Neurochirurgische Klinik, Zentralklinik, Bad Berka, Germany. k.mursch.nec@zentralklinik-bad-berka.de
Background And Purpose:
We evaluated an advanced concept for patient-based navigation during minimally invasive neurosurgical procedures.
Methods:
An infrared-based, off-line neuro-navigation system (LOCALITE, Bonn, Germany) was applied during operations within a 0.5 T intraoperative MRI scanner (iMRI) (Signa SF, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA) in addition to the conventional real-time system. The three-dimensional (3D) data set was acquired intraoperatively and up-dated when brain-shift was suspected. Twenty-three patients with subcortical lesions were operated upon with the aim to minimise the operative trauma.
Results:
Small craniotomies (median diameter 30 mm, mean diameter 27 mm) could be placed exactly. In all cases, the primary goal of the operation (total resection or biopsy) was achieved in a straightforward procedure without permanent morbidity. The navigation system could be easily used without technical problems. In contrast to the real-time navigation mode of the MR system, the higher quality as well as the real-time display of the MR images reconstructed from the 3D reference data provided sufficient visual-manual coordination.
Conclusion:
The system combines the advantages of conventional neuro-navigation with the ability to adapt intraoperatively to the continuously changing anatomy. Thus, small and/or deep lesions can be operated upon in straightforward minimally invasive operations.
