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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...

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An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

Noise in gene expression: origins, consequences, and control.

Jonathan M Raser1, Erin K O'Shea

  • 1Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California-San Francisco, 600 16th Street, GH-S472D, San Francisco, CA 94143-2240, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 24, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Gene expression noise, or random variation, explains how genetically identical cells develop diverse traits. This review explores the origins, effects, and regulation of this biological variability.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Genetically identical cells and organisms display significant phenotypic diversity despite identical environmental exposures.
  • This variability, known as phenotypic noise, is increasingly attributed to fluctuations during gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and clarify terminology related to noise in gene expression.
  • To summarize recent research on the sources, consequences, and regulatory mechanisms of gene expression noise.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on gene expression noise.
  • Analysis of noise terminology and its implications.
  • Synthesis of findings on the origins and impact of stochasticity in gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression noise arises from the inherently random nature of biochemical reactions.
  • This noise contributes to phenotypic diversity and can have significant biological consequences.
  • Understanding the sources and control of noise is crucial for comprehending cellular and organismal variation.

Conclusions:

  • Stochasticity in gene expression is a fundamental source of biological variation.
  • Further research into noise control mechanisms could offer insights into development and disease.
  • Clarifying noise terminology is essential for consistent scientific communication.