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Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube01:18

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies with...
Capillarity in Fluid01:19

Capillarity in Fluid

Capillarity describes the movement of liquid in small spaces without external forces acting on it. The capillarity is driven by surface tension and adhesive interactions between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces. This effect is often seen in narrow tubes, porous materials, and fine particles.
Surface tension is crucial to capillarity. It results from cohesive forces between liquid molecules at the liquid-air boundary, forming a skin that resists external forces. When the capillary tube...
Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
10:09

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Published on: March 5, 2014

Jumping nanodroplets.

A Habenicht1, M Olapinski, F Burmeister

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|September 24, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Laser pulses melt flat gold nanostructures, causing them to rapidly contract into spheres. This rapid dewetting process can launch nanoparticles off surfaces at high speeds.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • Nanostructure fabrication often involves thin films on substrates.
  • Laser-induced processes can modify material properties and morphology.
  • Understanding dynamic behavior of molten nanoparticles is crucial for applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the dynamic behavior of laser-molten gold nanostructures.
  • Analyze the dewetting and contraction process.
  • Determine the potential for nanoparticle detachment and velocity.

Main Methods:

  • Illumination of flat gold nanostructures with single intensive laser pulses.
  • Observation of structural changes on inert substrates (glass, graphite).
  • Analysis of liquid contraction and center of mass movement over nanoseconds.

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Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
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Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

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Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
08:39

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Published on: October 16, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids
10:09

Fast Imaging Technique to Study Drop Impact Dynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

Published on: March 5, 2014

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation
08:27

Aqueous Droplets Used as Enzymatic Microreactors and Their Electromagnetic Actuation

Published on: August 28, 2017

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles
08:39

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

Published on: October 16, 2017

Main Results:

  • Laser fluences above the gold melting threshold induced liquid structures.
  • A rapid dewetting process led to spherical contraction within nanoseconds.
  • Inertial effects during contraction caused upward movement of the center of mass.
  • Detachment of droplets was observed, with velocities up to 10 m/s for 100 nm radius droplets.

Conclusions:

  • Laser-induced melting and dewetting offer a pathway to dynamic nanoparticle reshaping.
  • The process can result in energetic detachment of nanoparticles from substrates.
  • High velocities achieved suggest potential for nanoparticle manipulation and deposition.