Mirror writing of Chinese characters in children and neurologic patients

Mirror writing was done in 72 preschool children, 40 school children, 60 mentally retarded school children, 40 normal adults, 37 patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases with or without aphasia and 13 patients with Parkinson's disease. The results showed that total mirror writing was demonstrated in only 2 cases and partial mirror writing with the left hand in 72 cases and with the right hand in 16 cases. The incidence of mirror writing in writing with left hand was higher (45.8%) in preschool children. It gradually decreased to 43.3% in mentally retarded school children, 24.3% in cerebrovascular disease (CVD) patients, 10.0% in school children, 7.7% in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 2.5% in normal adults. The relationships between mirror writing and left/right disorientation, between mirror writing and development of Chinese writing language and between mirror writing and higher cerebral function were observed.