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Related Concept Videos

Speed of Sound in Gases01:08

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The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Executive functioning and speed of processing in phenylketonuria.

Shelley Channon1, Caroline Mockler1, Philip Lee2

  • 1Department of Psychology.

Neuropsychology
|September 29, 2005
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Summary

Phenylketonuria (PKU) adults on a lifelong diet showed slower information processing speeds but no differences in accuracy. Continuous dietary management appears successful for cognitive outcomes in adults with PKU.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Treated phenylketonuria (PKU) is associated with dopaminergic depletion in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, potentially causing executive dysfunction.
  • White matter abnormalities in PKU may contribute to generalized cognitive slowing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the selective executive impairment versus generalized cognitive slowing hypotheses in adults with PKU on a lifelong diet.
  • To assess the impact of continuous dietary management on cognitive outcomes in adults with PKU.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of cognitive task performance between adults with PKU and a control group.
  • Utilized n-back, flanker, object alternation learning, and perceptual judgment tasks to assess cognitive functions.

Main Results:

  • Adults with PKU exhibited significantly slower processing speeds on the n-back and flanker tasks compared to controls.
  • No significant group differences were observed in accuracy on any cognitive task.
  • Performance on object alternation learning and perceptual judgment tasks did not reveal group differences in speed.

Conclusions:

  • Findings do not support a selective executive impairment hypothesis in adults with PKU.
  • A cognitive slowing account may offer a more comprehensive explanation for cognitive alterations in this population.
  • Continuous dietary management appears to be a largely effective strategy for maintaining cognitive function in adults with PKU.