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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread
15:31

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread

Published on: August 16, 2013

Herpes simplex virus 1 envelopment follows two diverse pathways.

Helene Leuzinger1, Urs Ziegler, Elisabeth M Schraner

  • 1Electron Microscopy, Institutes of Veterinary Anatomy and of Virology, Zürich, Switzerland.

Journal of Virology
|September 29, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpes simplex virus 1 uses two distinct envelopment pathways. Nuclear envelopment involves budding into the perinuclear space, while cytoplasmic envelopment allows capsids direct nuclear exit for membrane budding.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
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Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy
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Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy

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Last Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Live Cell Imaging of Alphaherpes Virus Anterograde Transport and Spread
15:31

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Published on: August 16, 2013

Ex Vivo Infection of Murine Epidermis with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
11:56

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Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy
06:40

Temporal Analysis of the Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic Translocation of a Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Protein by Immunofluorescent Confocal Microscopy

Published on: November 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Microscopy

Background:

  • Herpesvirus envelopment traditionally follows a complex, multi-step pathway.
  • This pathway includes inner nuclear membrane envelopment, de-envelopment at the outer nuclear membrane, and re-envelopment at the trans-Golgi network.
  • Previous hypotheses suggested de-envelopment via fusion with the outer nuclear membrane.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse pathways of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) envelopment.
  • To investigate the mechanism of virion transport from the perinuclear space to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
  • To characterize the morphological events during cytoplasmic envelopment.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution microscopy was employed to visualize HSV-1 envelopment.
  • Detailed ultrastructural analysis of virion pathways within cellular compartments.

Main Results:

  • HSV-1 envelopment proceeds via two distinct pathways: nuclear and cytoplasmic.
  • Nuclear envelopment involves budding at the inner nuclear membrane, acquisition of a dense envelope, and transport via RER to Golgi cisternae.
  • Cytoplasmic envelopment occurs through direct nuclear pore exit, followed by budding at various cellular membranes including the outer nuclear membrane, RER, Golgi, and vacuoles.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a more complex and diverse mechanism for HSV-1 envelopment than previously understood.
  • Nuclear envelopment facilitates intraluminal transport of virions through the RER and Golgi.
  • Cytoplasmic envelopment offers alternative routes for virion maturation and release.