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Related Experiment Videos

Quantifying athlete self-talk.

James Hardy1, Craig R Hall, Lew Hardy

  • 1School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales, George Building, Normal Site, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2PZ, UK. j.t.hardy@bangor.ac.uk

Journal of Sports Sciences
|October 1, 2005
PubMed
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Athletes use self-talk positively and covertly, especially in competitions. Individual sport athletes and males use self-talk more than team sport athletes and females, supporting verbal self-regulation theory.

Area of Science:

  • Sport Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Self-talk is a cognitive strategy used by athletes.
  • Understanding the content and function of self-talk is crucial for performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify athletes' self-talk content.
  • To examine self-talk use in practice vs. competition.
  • To assess differences in self-talk based on sex, sport type, and skill level.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted using the Self-Talk Use Questionnaire (STUQ).
  • Study 1 involved 295 athletes from various sports and competitive levels.
  • Study 2 involved 164 recreational volleyball players.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in self-talk content were found across sex and sport type.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Self-talk use and its functions were higher in competition than practice.
  • Individual sport athletes reported greater self-talk use than team sport athletes.

    • Conclusions:

    • Athlete self-talk is generally positive, covert, and abbreviated.
    • Findings support Vygotsky's verbal self-regulation theory in sports.
    • Future research should investigate the effectiveness of self-talk.