Anthrax: a continuing concern in the era of bioterrorism

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Infectious Diseases
• Bioterrorism Preparedness

Background:

• Anthrax is a highly contagious, fatal disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, a spore-forming bacterium.
• Historically prevalent in herbivores, anthrax has affected animals and humans globally since antiquity.
• The development of the first anthrax vaccine by Pasteur in 1881 and subsequent animal vaccination programs have reduced natural incidence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the historical background of anthrax.
• To provide clinical and laboratory information for bioterrorism preparedness.
• To address the threat of anthrax as a biological weapon.

Main Methods:

• Historical review of anthrax.
• Summary of clinical and laboratory findings.
• Analysis of anthrax as a bioweapon.

Main Results:

• Anthrax spores persist in global soil samples.
• At least 17 nations are believed to possess anthrax bioweapons programs.
• Recent events highlight societal impact of anthrax threats.

Conclusions:

• Understanding anthrax's history and characteristics is vital for biosecurity.
• Preparedness is essential due to the continued threat of anthrax as a bioweapon.
• Bioterrorism preparedness requires integrated clinical and laboratory strategies.