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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...

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Validation of a Renal Papillary Grading System: Comparison of Patients Forming Calcium Oxalate and Apatite Stones.

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Phenotyping of Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Stone Formers Reveals Risk Factors for Papillary Lesions and Chronic Renal Function.

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Urine organic anion increases with age and its effects on renal acid excretion vary with pKa.

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Insulin Resistance in Hypercalciuric Calcium Kidney Stone Patients.

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Contrasting Response of Urine Stone Risk to Medical Treatment in Calcium Oxalate versus Calcium Phosphate Stone Formers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring
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Use of Ultra-high Field MRI in Small Rodent Models of Polycystic Kidney Disease for In Vivo Phenotyping and Drug Monitoring

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Kidney stone disease.

Fredric L Coe1, Andrew Evan, Elaine Worcester

  • 1Renal Section, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. f-coe@uchicago.edu

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|October 4, 2005
PubMed
Summary

Kidney stones, primarily calcium oxalate, are increasing in prevalence. This study explores the pathogenesis of common kidney stone types, including genetic factors and current treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Kidney stone prevalence is rising globally in both men and women.
  • Calcium oxalate stones constitute approximately 80% of all kidney stones.
  • Other stone types include calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine kidney stone formation.
  • To review recent advancements in understanding kidney tissue changes associated with stone formation.
  • To discuss the genetic underpinnings and current therapeutic strategies for kidney stones.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on kidney stone pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of recent research on human kidney tissue alterations.

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  • Examination of genetic factors contributing to stone formation.
  • Assessment of current therapeutic interventions.

    • Main Results:

    • Focus on the phase transition from liquid to solid state as the fundamental cause of stone formation.
    • Highlights the complex interplay of factors leading to CaOx, CaP, UA, and cystine stone development.
    • Incorporates recent findings on genetic predispositions and kidney tissue changes.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the detailed mechanisms of stone formation is crucial for developing effective treatments.
    • Genetic factors and kidney tissue alterations play significant roles in the pathogenesis of various kidney stones.
    • Continued research into underlying causes and therapeutic options is essential for managing the rising prevalence of kidney stones.