Technology insight: PET and PET/CT in head and neck tumor staging and radiation therapy planning

The evolving utilization of functional imaging, mainly 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (18FDG) imaging, with positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT, is profoundly altering head and neck tumor staging approaches, radiation treatment planning, and follow-up management. Tumor-node-metastasis staging with PET/CT has improved the characterization of patient disease versus CT, MRI, or PET alone, thereby affecting patient disease management. Therefore, the utilization of PET/CT is appropriate for head and neck cancer staging in the initial presentation and in the recurrent setting. In the setting of radiation therapy treatment planning, PET-directed tumor volume contouring is not ready for clinical practice without further technological improvements in imaging specificity/sensitivity and resolution. Patient or organ motion might interfere with the accuracy of anatomical co-alignment, and variability in defining the threshold of imaging signals on PET images can affect the contour of the biological tumor volume. The use of PET/CT for staging and detecting both primary and recurrent head and neck cancer is valuable; however, its application in radiation treatment planning should be viewed as investigational.