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Related Concept Videos

Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the mucus...
Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth
07:55

The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth

Published on: April 9, 2016

Cholangiocarcinoma.

Shahid A Khan1, Howard C Thomas, Brian R Davidson

  • 1Liver Unit, Division of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. shahid.khan@imperial.ac.uk

Lancet (London, England)
|October 11, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholangiocarcinoma, a bile duct cancer, is increasingly diagnosed late with poor outcomes. While surgical resection offers the only cure, liver transplantation and palliative biliary drainage are options for advanced cases.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2026

The Influence of Liver Resection on Intrahepatic Tumor Growth
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Published on: April 9, 2016

Robotic Taj Mahal Hepatectomy for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
09:19

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Published on: July 14, 2022

Three-dimensional Location Approach with Silk Thread Guided Laparoscopic Segmentectomy for Liver Tumor
06:39

Three-dimensional Location Approach with Silk Thread Guided Laparoscopic Segmentectomy for Liver Tumor

Published on: May 23, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Hepatobiliary Medicine
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) is a severe malignancy with late presentation, diagnostic challenges, and high mortality.
  • Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma incidence is rising globally, possibly due to genetic and environmental factors.
  • Current diagnostic tools include MRI, CT, endoscopic ultrasound, and PET, providing valuable information in select patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding and management of cholangiocarcinoma.
  • To highlight diagnostic modalities and treatment strategies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
  • To discuss palliative care options for unresectable bile duct cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis and treatment.
  • Analysis of imaging techniques (MRI, CT, EUS, PET) for diagnostic utility.
  • Evaluation of surgical resection, liver transplantation, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative interventions.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection remains the only curative option, contingent on technique and patient selection.
  • Liver transplantation, with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, shows promise for long-term survival in selected patients.
  • Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are largely ineffective for inoperable tumors; biliary drainage is key for palliation.

Conclusions:

  • Cholangiocarcinoma management requires a multidisciplinary approach, balancing curative and palliative strategies.
  • Early diagnosis and patient selection are critical for improving outcomes in bile duct cancer.
  • Novel palliative techniques like photodynamic therapy may enhance quality of life for advanced cases.