Gel phantom for use in high-intensity focused ultrasound dosimetry

An optically transparent phantom was developed for use in high-intensity focused ultrasound (US), or HIFU, dosimetry studies. The phantom is composed of polyacrylamide hydrogel, embedded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) that becomes optically opaque when denatured. Acoustic and optical properties of the phantom were characterized as a function of BSA concentration and temperature. The speed of sound (1544 m/s) and acoustic impedance (1.6 MRayls) were similar to the values in soft tissue. The attenuation coefficient was approximately 8 times lower than that of soft tissues (0.02 Np/cm/MHz for 9% BSA). The nonlinear (B/A) coefficient was similar to the value in water. HIFU lesions were readily seen during formation in the phantom. In US B-mode images, the HIFU lesions were observed as hyperechoic regions only if the cavitation activity was present. The phantom can be used for fast characterization and calibration of US-image guided HIFU devices before animal or clinical studies.