Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation
11:19

Guidelines for Elective Pediatric Fiberoptic Intubation

Published on: January 18, 2011

Propofol sedation with fentanyl or midazolam during oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in children

N Disma1, M Astuto, G Rizzo

  • 1University of Catania, Policlinic, Anesthesiology Unit, Catania, Italy. nicoladisma@tin.it

European Journal of Anaesthesiology
|October 18, 2005
PubMed

Insights

Combining propofol with fentanyl or midazolam improves pediatric sedation for endoscopy. These combinations offer better efficacy and fewer adverse events compared to propofol alone, enhancing procedural ease.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Anesthesiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sedation is crucial for pediatric diagnostic procedures.
  • Propofol is commonly used, but its efficacy and safety alone versus in combination require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy and safety of propofol alone versus propofol combined with fentanyl or midazolam for pediatric endoscopy.
  • To evaluate adverse events, procedural ease, and recovery times.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 240 children (1-12 years) undergoing upper GI endoscopy.
  • Randomized groups: propofol alone (P), propofol-fentanyl (PF), propofol-midazolam (PM).
  • Endoscopist blinded evaluation of sedation adequacy and procedure ease.

Main Results:

  • Fewer supplemental propofol doses were needed in PF (13%) and PM (18%) groups compared to P (39%).
  • Lower incidence of adverse events observed in the PF and PM groups.
  • Procedure duration and recovery times were similar across all groups.

Conclusions:

  • Propofol combined with fentanyl or midazolam provides superior sedation for pediatric endoscopy.
  • Combination regimens enhance procedural ease and reduce adverse events compared to propofol monotherapy.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow05:43

Topical Airway Anesthesia for Awake-endoscopic Intubation Using the Spray-as-you-go Technique with High Oxygen Flow

Published on: January 13, 2017

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards08:38

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Published on: September 3, 2020

Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...