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Related Concept Videos

What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Introduction and Methods of Leveling01:26

Introduction and Methods of Leveling

Leveling is a surveying procedure used to determine elevation differences between distant points. Elevation refers to the vertical distance above or below a reference datum, typically mean sea level (MSL). In the United States, elevations are often referenced to the mean sea level station at Father Point Rimouski along the St. Lawrence Seaway. To make the datum accessible, permanent markers are established throughout the region. These markers, called benchmarks, have known elevations. If the...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Geoid and Ellipsoid01:28

Geoid and Ellipsoid

The Earth's shape is best described as an ellipsoid, a slightly flattened sphere created by rotating an ellipse around its minor axis. This flattening results in the polar axis being about 21 kilometers shorter than the equatorial axis. In contrast, the geoid represents the Earth's gravitational shape and aligns with the mean sea level (MSL). The geoid is an irregular equipotential surface where gravity is perpendicular at every point. Variations in Earth's mass distribution cause geoid...
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats
13:38

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Published on: October 26, 2019

Ice-sheet and sea-level changes.

Richard B Alley1, Peter U Clark, Philippe Huybrechts

  • 1Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA. rba6@psu.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 22, 2005
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets significantly impact future sea-level rise due to greenhouse gas emissions. Recent rapid changes suggest ice sheets may be more sensitive to warming than previously understood.

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Area of Science:

  • Climate science
  • Glaciology
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are driving future sea-level rise.
  • The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets hold substantial potential to raise global sea levels.
  • Ice sheet freshwater fluxes can influence ocean circulation and contribute to climate change.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of ice sheet behavior on projected sea-level change.
  • To understand the sensitivity of ice sheets to ongoing climate warming.
  • To integrate recent observational and modeling advances in ice sheet dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of observational data on ice-marginal changes.
  • Utilizing climate and ice sheet modeling advancements.
  • Quantifying freshwater fluxes from polar ice sheets.

Main Results:

  • Ice sheets represent a dominant source of uncertainty in sea-level rise projections.
  • Rapid, recently detected ice-marginal changes are observed.
  • These changes may signal increased ice sheet sensitivity to warming.

Conclusions:

  • Ice sheet dynamics are critical for accurate sea-level rise predictions.
  • Enhanced monitoring and modeling are needed to capture ice sheet sensitivity.
  • Understanding ice sheet responses is crucial for climate change mitigation strategies.