Phase diagram of amorphous solid water: low-density, high-density, and very-high-density amorphous ices

We calculate the phase diagram of amorphous solid water by performing molecular dynamics simulations using the extended simple point charge (SPC/E) model. Our simulations follow different paths in the phase diagram: isothermal compression/decompression, isochoric cooling/heating, and isobaric cooling/heating. We are able to identify low-density amorphous (LDA), high-density amorphous (HDA), and very-high density amorphous (VHDA) ices. The density rho of these glasses at different pressure P and temperature T agree well with experimental values. We also study the radial distribution functions of glassy water. In agreement with experiments, we find that LDA, HDA, and VHDA are characterized by a tetrahedral hydrogen-bonded network and that, as compared to LDA, HDA has an extra interstitial molecule between the first and second shell. VHDA appears to have two such extra molecules. We obtain VHDA, as in experiment, by isobaric heating of HDA. We also find that "other forms" of glassy water can be obtained upon isobaric heating of LDA, as well as amorphous ices formed during the transformation of LDA to HDA. We argue that these other forms of amorphous ices, as well as VHDA, are not altogether new glasses but rather are the result of aging induced by heating. Samples of HDA and VHDA with different densities are recovered at normal P, showing that there is a continuum of glasses. Furthermore, the two ranges of densities of recovered HDA and recovered VHDA overlap at ambient P. Our simulations reproduce the experimental findings of HDA --> LDA and VHDA --> LDA transformations. We do not observe a VHDA --> HDA transformation, and our final phase diagram of glassy water together with equilibrium liquid data suggests that for the SPC/E model the VHDA --> HDA transformation cannot be observed with the present heating rates accessible in simulations. Finally, we discuss the consequences of our findings for the understanding of the transformation between the different amorphous ices and the two hypothesized phases of liquid water.