The kidney, cancer, and the eye: current concepts
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Updated: Aug 15, 2026
Microfluidic Co-culture of Renal Healthy and Tumor Epithelium to Model Kidney Cancer Progression
Published on: January 31, 2025
1The New York Eye Cancer Center, and the New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
Abstract:
Herein, we review the associations between the kidney, renal cancers, and the eye. Renal cancers have been reported to metastasize to the eye and the orbit. As these tumors can be confused with other amelanotic or vascular tumors, a high index of suspicion is required for early detection and management of the primary tumor. We discuss the physiology of metastases, clinical features and management of metastatic disease. A variety of ocular anomalies have been associated with renal disease. Wilms tumor, a renal tumor of childhood, can present with aniridia, which may be the first clue leading to the diagnosis of the primary tumor. Paraneoplastic syndromes are common manifestations of renal cancers and can present as retinopathies and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. Multiple cancer syndromes involve both the eye and the kidney. For example, the diagnosis of von Hippel retinal tumors can lead to a systemic evaluation and discovery of associated visceral tumors. The prognosis, screening, and counseling of such patients is discussed. Newer systemic treatments available for renal tumors, such as interferon alfa, may lead to ocular side effects including retinopathy. These patients require periodic ophthalmic examinations. This review demonstrates the essential role of the ophthalmologist, for early diagnosis and treatment that can help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with kidney tumors and renal-associated disease.
Insights
Ophthalmologists play a crucial role in detecting kidney cancers by recognizing eye metastases and ocular anomalies. Early diagnosis and treatment of renal tumors and associated eye conditions improve patient outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Nephrology
- Oncology
Background:
- Renal cancers can metastasize to the eye and orbit, mimicking other tumors.
- Ocular anomalies are frequently associated with renal diseases, including Wilms tumor.
- Paraneoplastic syndromes and cancer syndromes can link kidney and eye pathologies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the associations between the kidney, renal cancers, and the eye.
- To highlight the importance of ophthalmologists in diagnosing and managing renal-associated diseases.
- To discuss the clinical features, management, and screening of these conditions.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies on renal cancer metastasis to the eye.
- Analysis of ocular manifestations of renal diseases and cancer syndromes.
- Discussion of diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies.
Main Results:
- Renal tumors can present with ocular metastases requiring high suspicion for early detection.
- Wilms tumor may present with aniridia, aiding in early diagnosis.
- Paraneoplastic retinopathies and neuro-ophthalmic disorders are linked to renal cancers.
- Von Hippel tumors indicate potential associated visceral tumors.
- Systemic treatments for renal tumors can cause ocular side effects.
Conclusions:
- Ophthalmologists are essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of kidney tumors and associated eye conditions.
- Prompt ophthalmic examinations are vital for patients undergoing treatment for renal tumors.
- Integrated care can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with kidney and eye-related diseases.
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